Hellas / Greece Expiring at the Ruins of Mesologgi, Greece, by Eugene Delacroix, 1827. Public Domain.
Nature of freedom
It’s not clear what freedom has become in the twenty-first century. So many claim it, but so few understand it. We probably connect this virtue to the right of free speech and to the absence of old-style despotism. But how are we to explain freedom in the United States and the Republican Party in particular? They elected Trump in 2025 who tried burying democracy and freedom in 2021.
What I can say with certainty is that freedom is in danger. Billionaire oligarchy and tyranny, on the other hand, have found a fertile ground in an increasingly plutocratic America. Plutocracy means the rule of the rich, the very few very wealthy Americans we call billionaires. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont speaks of the dangers Americans face from the “billionaire class.” “Today,” he said in the Senate on March 13, 2025, “at a time when we have more income and wealth inequality than we have ever had in the history of this country, 60% of our people are living paycheck to paycheck. And that means… that people are worried about how they are going to afford housing. What happens if their landlord raises the rent? People go to the grocery store, and they see the high price of food, and they wonder how they are going to feed their kids. People are looking at the outrageous cost of childcare, but you need childcare if you are going to go to work. How can you afford childcare? Our health care system is dysfunctional. People worry about how they can afford health care if they are lucky enough to find a doctor. That is the reality of what is going on in our county today: the rich are getting richer, working people are struggling, and 800,000 Americans are sleeping out in the streets.”
Temple of Nike / Victory on the Acropolis. Photo: Evaggelos Vallianatos
Unless the billionaire class is brought under the rule of law, America will have the fate of the Roman republic. The “republican” Romans knew the virtues of Greek freedom, but they were too busy killing each other to pay attention. They fought their decades-long civil wars in Greece.
Greeks invented political theory and freedom. One led to the other. In fact, freedom was weaved into their civilization: piety for the gods and democracy that allowed citizens to rule and be ruled. Greeks also shared the land without too much inequality. Freedom also gained legitimacy and strength with athletic games like the Olympics, the education of the young in the sciences and philosophy and literature, attending theater, and producing and enjoying gorgeous architecture and art. The product was freedom. The Greeks tested and improved freedom in the polis, which enabled them to pass laws that protected their right to speak freely, and to govern and be governed by citizens. In other words, the Greeks experimented with a variety of constitutions that either embraced freedom (democracy) or limited freedom to a few (oligarchy) or just one (monarchy and tyranny). The Athenians proved that direct democracy was the best defender of freedom.
The Greeks were extremely competitive, however. Such antagonism often gave rise to hubris and discord, even war. Oligarchy and tyranny empowered the few who weakened the common interest and defense of most of the many small Greek poleis (city-states).
The loss of Greek freedom
Civil conflicts in mainland Greece, however, brought Rome and Christianity to Hellas. They wrecked Hellenic civilization and, in time, the image we have of ancient Greeks and their civilization. The Greeks suffered what people suffer when they lose their freedom. Western Christians and Moslem Turks captured and humiliated and impoverished Greece.
One example of that subjugation illustrates the price of living without the divine-like virtue of freedom, which was the oxygen of the Greeks. The Greek Revolution, 1821-1828, was an explosion of that remade Greece and Europe. After four centuries of abominable Mongol Turkish occupation, the Greeks rose up and fought for freedom or death.
The Greek Revolution: Battle of Athens, November 1821-June 1822, by Panagiotes Zographos guided by general Ioannes Makriyiannes. The battle took place under the wrecked Acropolis and Parthenon. Public Domain.
In January 1824, Lord Byron, the most celebrated Philhellene in Europe, arrived in Mesologgi in Central Greece.
Lord Byron arriving in Mesologgi, Jan. 1824. Painting by Theodore Vryzakis, 1861. Public Domain
The Greeks of the beleaguered city welcomed Byron like a hero and defender. The poems of Byron praised Greek virtues. He loved Greece. He tried convincing the European powers to intervene on behalf of the Greeks struggling valiantly since 1821 to free their country from Turkish occupation. However, he died in Mesologgi in April of 1824.
The battle of Mesologgi
Meanwhile, the Turks were fighting back. The Sultan promised his Egyptian vassal, Mohammed Ali and Ali’s son, Ibrahim Pasha, Peloponnesos, if only they could defeat the Greek Revolution raging against him successfully since 1821. The Egyptian ruler sent a large fleet to crush the Greek rebels. The arrival in Peloponnesos of the Egyptian and African troops meant an all-out war of extermination.
During 1825-1826, these foreign armies besieged the strategic town of Mesologgi. The Greek defenders fought successfully for several months against the much larger enemy army. But in time the Egyptian African troops shut down the land and water ways Greeks used to supply food to the defenders of Mesologgi. In desperation, the population of half-starving Greeks tried to get out of their besieged city with catastrophic losses. But before this heroic exodus, some of the people of Mesologgi blew themselves up or committed suicide.
This great heroism and tragedy touched the feelings of the Europeans who had heard stories from Philhellenes who fought with the Greeks against the Egyptian-African and Turkish troops.
One of the Europeans who got infuriated with the fall of Mesologgi was the famous French artist and painter, Eugene Delacroix. In 1823, he had painted a canvas of the 1822 Turkish massacre of the population of the Aegean island of Chios.
The massacre at Chios by Eugene Delacroix, 1824. Louvre, Paris. Public Domain.
Delacroix had also read the poetry of Lord Byron. In 1827, he produced his masterpiece of Hellas expiring at Mesologgi, which inflamed the passion of Europeans trying to convince their governments to do something on behalf of Greek freedom.
No doubt, the brutality of the invading Egyptian-African and Turkish soldiers in Peloponnesos, and Mesologgi in particular, had something to do with the European intervention in Greece. In October 1827, a fleet made up of British, Russian and French warships annihilated the Egyptian-African and Turkish fleet at Navarino in Peloponnesos. This ally victory brought independent Greece into being.
Dionysios Solomos
Another person who was caught in the flames and passion of the struggle at Mesologgi was a privileged Greek named Dionysios Solomos, 1798-1857. He was born in the Ionian island of Zakynthos. He was educated in Italy, but his talent blossomed in Greek poetry.
Dionysios Solomos, 1800-1899. National poet of Greece. Wrote Hymn to freedom. Benaki Museum. Public Domain.
The inspiration of Solomos came from the ancient Greek tradition of poetry as well as the equally rich source of modern Greek peasant poetry, wedding and festival songs, and stories.
Deep freedom
The Greek Revolution touched the soul of Solomos. In 1823, he wrote the Hymn to Freedom, which became the Greek national anthem. Solomos traced freedom right from within the roots of Hellenic civilization.
Hymn to Freedom by Dionysios Solomos, May 1823. Zakynthos. Public Domain
“I recognize you, eleutheria, freedom,” he said, “from the terrible cuting edge of the sword… You come straight from the sacred bones of the Greeks and, like in ancient times, you are full of manliness and courage, hail o hail eleutheria!”
In 1844, he wrote a poem, The Free Besieged, in which he resurrected the heroic struggle of the people of Mesologgi. Like ancient Greek poets, Solomos has a goddess—like woman relating the story of Mesologgi under siege. The woman wore a black cloth, as black as the blood of a hare. Walking towards Mesologgi was stepping into deep darkness, light, thunder and thunderbolt.
The black-dressed woman says the drama of Mesologgi unfolded while nature was blooming, its beauty overwhelming. What with the land, flowers, birds, and the sky merging to a gigantic beautiful being. Nature wanted to enter the human soul and besiege human nature on the surface and in depth. The enemy was tempted to speed up its conquest in order to possess this beautiful land. But to the besieged Greeks, the exquisite land caused pain as they knew they would lose it.
We are all free but besieged. The plutogenic climate chaos has set the Earth on fire. It has been threatening and causing massive harm, more plagues, and destruction. And like climate emergency and chaos, oligarchy and plutocracy are rising and engulfing our politics, threatening and causing harm to freedom here at home and all over the world.
The lessons of Greek history are potent.
