During the mid- to late-1960s, the main slogans of the African American social justice movements were “freedom now” and “Black Power.” It was recognized that both political power and economic power were required to attain greater freedom and empowerment in the United States.
As civil rights leader Stokely Carmichael put it in the 1966 pamphlet Power & Racism: What We Want, “We should begin with the basic fact that black Americans have two problems: they are poor and they are black… Any program to end racism must address itself to that reality….”
Sadly, in the past half century there has been limited progress in the political sphere and even less improvement in the economic space.
The current 117th Congress has 57 Black members, which is consistent with the African American demographic representation. But African Americans remain deeply under-represented in political power when looking at the Senate and in governorships.
Currently only 3 percent of all U.S. senators are African American, though Blacks are 13 percent of the American population. There are currently no Black governors, which shows a lack of political strength at the statewide level.
In terms of economics there has been some progress, with a decline of poverty in the African American community over the last 60 years. Yet, Black/white disparities in income, unemployment, and most particularly wealth have remained strong. According to 2019 data, African Americans have only 6 percent of the wealth of white Americans, leaving African Americans in deep asset poverty and overall financially vulnerable.
The 1960s racial justice leaders understood that political and economic power are interconnected.
“With power, the masses could make or participate in making the decisions which govern their destinies, and thus create basic change in their day-to-day lives,” Stokely Carmichael wrote.
The graph below by the Washington Center for Equitable Growth shows how movement victories on voting rights in the 1960s increased economic opportunities. Following passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, public sector employment for African Americans increased substantially, particularly in Southern states.
Source: Abhay Aneja and Carlos Fernando Avenacio-Leon, “Voting rights equal economic progress: The Voting Rights Act and U.S. economic inequality,” Washington Center for Equitable Growth, October 16, 2020.
This surge in public sector employment reduced the Black-White wage gap by 5.5 percent in just the first five years. Public sector work was held federally accountable to pursuing equitable hiring, which made it a premium employment destination.Black public sector workers earned 20 percent more than they did in the private sector, hence the large shift in employment placement. Additionally, the magnitude of the government workforce constantly grew, and offered positions that could be impacted by political power, and African Americans exercised that newly re-enfranchised power to fill these vacant positions.
Two reforms that could further strengthen Black voting power and hopefully advance African American economic interests in the political sphere are declaring presidential election days (when many local elections are also held) as a national holiday and enabling same-day registration.
