For the past two weeks massive demonstrations have rocked Haiti, protesting the constitutional changes, the corruption of the Martelly government, and the outrageous cost of living – a general strike in Les Cayes and demonsrations in Cap Haitien 9/21 and 9/27, in Gonaives 9/24, and on Sunday 9/30, to commemorate the anniversary of the 1991 coup that overthrew the first Aristide administration, in Port-au-Prince and in cities large and small throughout Haiti.
The overthrow of Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) Duvalier in 1986 led to the creation of a new democratic and liberal constitution in 1987, ratified in a referendum by an overwhelming majority of Haitians. It recognized Haitian Kreyol as an official language, along with French, and legalized Vodun, the religion of the majority of Haitians. It provided for grassroots participation in national decision-making, decentralized the nation’s finances and political structure, and provided for protection of human rights.
Its goal was to protect the democratic gains of the movement that rose up against Duvalier, to prevent a powerful executive from ever gaining dictatorial control again, and to overturn some of the most repressive Duvalier era laws. Now, however, the democratic and participatory spirit of the 1987 constitution has been subverted by the illegitimate president Michel Martelly, who announced new amendments on June 12, 2012 which concentrate executive power and herald the return of death squad Duvalierism to Haiti.
Martelly took office on May 14, 2011 in a flagrantly undemocratic (s)election process, in which Haiti’s largest and most popular party, former President Aristide’s Fanmi Lavalas, was not allowed to participate. The Provisional Electoral Council announced after the first round of voting that Martelly had finished third, thus not eligible for the run-off, but the OAS, in a much criticized move, sent a commission to rule that he really finished second.
Hilary Clinton reinforced this decision when she flew to Haiti at the height of the Egyptian revolution to demand that Martelly be in the run-off. An anonymous supporter in Miami paid the Spanish public relations firm Sola and Associates (who ran the Calderón campaign in Mexico and worked on John McCain’s) $6 million to manage the Martelly campaign, an enormous amount of money in Haiti. Martelly won this fraudulent “runoff” with a voter turnout even lower than the first round’s 22.8%. The 716,989 votes cast for Martelly constitute only 15% of Haiti’s 4.7 million registered voters.
Martelly was a member of the Duvalier family’s death squad, the tonton macoutes, when he was 15 and a cadet in the former Haitian military academy as a youth. He supported both coups against President Aristide in 1991 and 2004, and was rumored to accompany the FRAPH death squads on their nightly raids after the first coup. A former musician, Martelly constantly demeaned and insulted Aristide in his stage performances.
Martelly welcomed the return of Duvalier to Haiti in January, 2011. He socializes with him, and has been openly photographed in his presence. He has not pursued any of the legal charges against Duvalier, and now his administration is beginning to look more and more like the despised Duvalier dictatorship. Martelly has brought many Duvalierists and members of Duvalierist families into his government in a variety of roles, including departmental Délégates (representatives of the President to the Departments.) Duvalier’s son is a close advisor.
The new amendments published by Martelly ignore the amendment procedures mandated in 1987. They centralize power in the executive, and revive several repressive and undemocratic Duvalierist period laws. Procedurally, to change the 1987 constitution the president sends proposals to Haiti’s parliament. After approval, they are published in the government’s official newspaper, Le Moniteur, but they don’t take effect until the next president takes office, to assure none of the amendments can benefit the departing president. When previous president Preval left office, he and the parliament rushed through amendments, which were published the day before Preval’s term ended. However, both Chambers of Parliament immediately protested that the published changes did not correspond to what the language they had actually approved, and the distribution of Le Moniteur was suspended.
Martelly took office facing this crisis, and after a few weeks published a decree suspending the Amendments. He then established a commission to ascertain what had happened and make recommendations. All original written and audio-visual transcripts from the 2-day debates in the National Assembly had disappeared (with no investigation and no one held accountable.) The commission submitted its report to Martelly at the same time various sectors of Haitian society tried to mobilize against this whole process, warning Martelly of the anti-constitutionality of such a “revised” amendment process.
Secretary of State Clinton, the UN, and the US, French, and Canadian ambassadors demanded Martelly publish the Amendments, as they revise the process for establishing a permanent Electoral Council, which these governments want before funding future elections or providing any more financial aid.. When Martelly published the new Amendments, for so called “material errors” made during the original publication a year ago, the President of the Senate once again claimed they are not what was voted in 2011.
Following are some of the changes the Martelly amendments make to the 1987 Constitution:
The method of choosing a Permanent Electoral Council:
The 1987 constitution allowed for the selection of the Electoral Council at a grassroots level, with nominations coming from equivalents of US county and state level representatives. This grassroots participation has never been put into practice, however, and the selection has come from above, with limited diversity, to create Provisional Electoral Councils. The new constitution changes this process so that the president (Martelly,) the Supreme Court (many members chosen by Martelly) and the legislature (mostly bought off) select 3 members each for a Permanent Electoral Council, completely undermining grassroots participation and centralizing control from above.
This top down selection helps guarantee “demonstration elections,” which are a public relations instrument to create the illusion of democracy and provide a civilian face to the UN occupation that has been in place since 2004. They act as a camouflage for the ongoing quest of the US, France, and Canada to undermine and defeat Haiti’s grassroots movement.
The method of choosing the Prime Minister/presidential succession/budget:
The 1987 constitution requires Parliament to ratify the President’s choice for Prime Minister. The new amendments allow the President to appoint the Prime Minister after merely “consulting” the heads of the two Chambers of Parliament.
The 1987 constitution provides for the President of the Haitian Supreme Court to assume the presidency and organize new elections in all cases of “presidential vacancy.” The new amendments make the Prime Minister the provisional President, without any need for Parliamentary ratification, and require the provisional President to organize new elections within 4 months.
The 1987 constitution requires that a retiring president skip 4 years before running for president again, so there is no immediate succession. The new amendments stipulate that the 4 months the Prime Minister serves as interim president count as a full term, thus a president/Martelly could resign during the fourth year in office, transfer the presidency to the Prime Minister he/she has appointed, then run again when the term ends without waiting 4 years, increasing the threat of a tyrant gaining dictatorial power.
The 1987 constitution requires the president to submit a detailed (line item) annual budget and the previous year’s expenditures report for Parliamentary ratification, and gives Parliament the power to refuse to legislate on any matter until these financial requirements are adequately filed by the Executive. The new amendments provide that a “ general budget” and a “general expenditures report” will suffice, thus limiting Parliamentary oversight of the budget.
The return of Duvalier era laws:
The new amendments abrogate Article 297 from the 1987 constitution, which specifically addressed the most egregious violations of human rights under Duvalier.
1987 Constitution, ARTICLE 297:
All laws, all decree laws, all decrees arbitrarily limiting the basic rights and liberties of citizens, in particular:
a. The decree law of September 5, 1935 on superstitious beliefs; (thereby banning Vodun once again)
b. The law of August 2, 1977 establishing the Court of State Security (Tribunal de la Sureté de l’État).
c. The law of July 28, 1975 placing the lands of the Artibonite Valley in a special status; (thereby negating the fledging national efforts at agrarian reform)
d. The law of April 29, 1969 condemning all imported doctrines; (thereby attacking freedom of thought and expression, political association of freedom of association)
Are and shall remain repealed. Violation of these new laws can result in even the DEATH PENALTY. The 1987 Haitian constitution had eliminated the death penalty.
These provisions punish the mere expression of certain political beliefs, even in private, by the death penalty. It is not necessary for one to act on their beliefs to make it a crime. There is also no specific legal definition of the ideologies condemned by this law. This article can only serve to restrict free expression and the dissemination of ideas in general.
To confuse matters further, Congress voted and the Martelly government published these amendments only in French. The 1987 constitution recognized Haitian Kreyol as an official language, and Parliament approved both French and Kreyol versions of the 1987 constitution. Many Haitians now feel there exist two contradictory constitutions, if these Amendments were to stand.
There is huge opposition in Haiti to these new amendments, and they are much discussed in the media, although little information has reached the US public. Mr. Roy says that those who oppose the amendments are asking Martelly again make a decree to suspend the June 12 amendments. If this is not done during the next 12-18 months they will call for a new constitutional process to amend the 1987 constitution and reconcile the two different versions. He says leaders of grassroots organizations throughout Haiti are beginning to network on this issue.
The danger of these amendments becomes more clear when understood in the context of Martelly’s campaign promise to restore the hated Haitian army, disbanded by Aristide before he left office in 1995 in one of the most popular actions of his administration. Since Martelly became president, former army personnel have occupied their former bases and are seen wearing new uniforms and armed with new weapons. Under the command of a president who can control the electoral process, name their successor and administer the death penalty to those who protest, the restoration of the army strikes terror in most Haitians and brings back memories of a past they thought they had buried 26 years ago.
The author would like to thank Jean-Sébastien Roy, a Haitian whose father helped write the 1987 constitution, for much of the following information. He was interviewed on KPFA’s Flashpoint.
Charlie Hinton is a member of the Haiti Action Committee and works at Inkworks Press, a worker-owned and collectively managed printing company in Berkeley, Calif. He is the author of “From Jackboots to Wingtips: The evolution of Nazi Economics from World War II to the Present,” available upon request. You may reach him at ch_lifewish@yahoo.com.