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Sensational New Print Edition of CounterPunch Amazing Plan Surfaces: "We Need Ethno-Weapons!" David Price tells how top-flight US anthropologists eagerly obeyed US government's mandate to "think in a-moral terms". One scheme of OSS's willing executioners: target Japanese physical "weak spot", the respiratory tract, with anthrax germs. Gabriel Kolko asks What's so New About the Neo-Cons? If they had not existed, would the policies have been the same? Jeffrey St Clair digs up more dirt on Halliburton's secret history. Alexander Cockburn on why we need more "celebrity justice". Get the answers you're looking for in the latest subscriber-only edition of CounterPunch ... CounterPunch Online is read by millions of viewers each month! But remember, we are funded solely by the subscribers to the print edition of CounterPunch. Please support this website by buying a subscription to our newsletter, which contains fresh material you won't find anywhere else, or by making a donation for the online edition. Remember contributions are tax-deductible. Click here to make a donation. If you find our site useful please: Subscribe Now! Show the New York Times You Don't Believe a Word of It: CounterPunch's New 14 Per Cent Club T-Shirts Call Toll Free 1-800-840-3683 or write CounterPunch, PO BOX 228, Petrolia, CA 95558

Now Available! Other Lands Have Dreams: From Baghdad to Pekin Prison by KATHY KELLY Click Here to Order the Hot New CounterPunch Book by 3-time Nobel Peace Prize Nominee Kathy Kelly! Today's Stories Justicia y Paz Colombia's Disappeared: Their Names, At Least! June 30, 2005 Kathy Kelly An Open Letter to Carl Levin: Compassion for Iraqis John Stauber Oprah Not the "Only" Mad Cow in America Virginia Rodino All Roads Lead to Baghdad: Unity in the Anti-War Movement Jason Leopold Meet the New Chair of the FERC: James Kelliher, the Man Who Invited Enron to Write Bush's Energy Policy Dave Lindorff What Was Bush Thinking? Greg Moses Racism at Cape Cod Norman Solomon Memo to the Iraq War Joshua Frank Israel's Theocrats Alexander Cockburn The Political Function of PBS   June 29, 2005 Mike Schaefer How the Washington Post Lied About Its Own War Poll Roger Burbach / Paul Cantor Bush's Big Democratic Hoax in Iraq Sharon Smith Democrats Shift into Reverse Sam Husseini A Quick Way to End the Insurgency John Stauber Put a Photo of Mad Cow #2 on a Milk Carton Ahmad Faruqui Is Militarism Irreversible in Pakistan? Linda S. Heard Bush's Speech: the View from Cairo Stew Albert Chet Helms: a Rock and Roll Hero Ray McGovern Bush at Ft. Bragg: Stay the Crooked Course June 28, 2005 Paul Craig Roberts A Defeat Bred in Deceit Landau / Hassen Bush's Meddling in Internal Syrian Politics John A. Murphy Keeping Nader Off the Ballot: an Analysis of Political Profiling in Pennsylvania Mike Whitney More Lies from Rumsfeld: Those "Meetings" with Insurgents CounterPunch News Service JFK on Staying in Vietnam: Is Bush Reading from Kennedy's Playbook? Dave Zirin Pining for the Pistons Dave Lindorff Showtime in Washington Patrick Cockburn Iraq: a Bloody Mess   June 27, 2005 Paul Craig Roberts Blood Sacrifices for Empty Slogans Mike Marqusee G8: Who are the Hijackers? Mark Scaramella When a Corporate Raider Claims Economic Hardship: the Court-Approved Lies of Charles Hurwitz Leigh Saavedra Press Apologists for Torture Kathy Kelly Where is the UN? June 25 / 26, 2005 Alexander Cockburn The Supreme Court's Jackboot Liberals Jennifer Van Bergen America's Parallel Legal Systems George Corsetti This Land is Their Land: Condemnation for Corporations Mark Chmiel / Andrew Wimmer Let's Open the Gulag: a People's Mission to Gitmo Kevin Zeese Counter-Recruitment: How to Keep the Military From Getting their Hands on Your Kids P. Sainath Russian Roulette in Vidharbha John Stauber How to Bury a Mad Cow Scott Handleman Gay in the Third World Tom Barry The Politics & Ideologies of the Anti-Immigrationists John Walsh Looking for Peace in All the Wrong Places Justin E.H. Smith The Hairless Apes of Kansas vs. the Reality-Based Community: Why Progressives Have a Stake in the War on Evolution Alan Wallis The Story of Pinky: the Drug Trade in My Neighborhood Ben Tripp Negative Space: an Artful Lesson Frederick B. Hudson Songs to Lose Your Loneliness By: the Raised Voices of Sweet Honey in the Rock Poets' Basement Gaffney, Engel, Davies, and Albert   June 24, 2005 Ray McGovern The Downing St. Fixation: Fixing to Fix "Fixed" Jorge Mariscal "They Only Call Us Americans When They Need Us for War": the Paradox of Mexican Americans in Iraq Desiree Hellegers Portland vs. the FBI Zeynep Toufe What Do the American People Know and When Did They Know It? Joshua Frank Call Him Senator Con Job David Lindorff Which Flag Would Jesus Burn? Michael Neumann Victory and Recruitment Website of the Day Gagging Dr. Dean   June 23, 2005 Christopher Brauchli Thomas Griffith and Rule 49: He Practiced Law Without a License; Now He's a Federal Appeals Court Judge Clay Conrad Killing Off the Jury with Tort Reform Standard Schaefer A Retort to Military Neo-Liberalism P. Sainath Vidharbha: No rains and 116F, But It Does Have "Snow" and Water Parks Mark Engler CAFTA Deserves a Quiet Death Norman Solomon Voluntary Amnesia in America Cockburn / St. Clair Frank Calzon Kathy Kelly Where You Stand Determines What You See     June 22, 2005 Kevin Zeese The Bush Administration's Psy-Ops on the American Public: an Interview with Col. Sam Gardiner William S. Lind Afghanistan: the Other War Arsalan Iftikhar Patriots Against the PATRIOT Act Dan Nagengast Give Populism a Chance: From France to Kansas David Krieger To the Graduates: We Live in an Interdependent World Kathleen & Bill Christison Tempest in Santa Fe: Confronting Israeli Myth-making     June 21, 2005 Brian Cloughley Destroy the Unbelievers! Mike Whitney President Disconnect Dave Lindorff Who Needs Big Bird, Anyway? Mark Weisbrot Bush's Lonely Campaign Against Hugo Chavez Matthew R. Simmons The Coming Saudi Oil Crisis Dave Zirin The Crass Slipper Fits: Ron Howard's Terrible "Cinderella Man" Virginia Rodino The Anti-War Movement and Impeachment Paul Craig Roberts A War Waged by Liars and Morons   June 20, 2005 Alan Maass The GM Job Massacre Tariq Ali To the Gates of the Gleneagles Hotel! Mickey Z. WMDs American-Style: It's 60 Years Since Alamogordo William Blum Some Things You Need to Know Before the World Ends Gary Leupp Old News Indeed: In 1999, Bush Craved Chance to Attack Iraq Jason Leopold Someone Tell Bush Iraq Wasn't Behind 9/11, Before He Starts Another War Dave Lindorff Why the Media Should be Schiavo'd Alan Maass The GM Job Massacre Uri Avnery Condi and Hamas Website of the Day Crimes Against Poetry   June 18 / 19, 2005 Alexander Cockburn Is the Jury Dead? Greg Moses Race Bias and the Death Penalty, One More Time Benjamin Shepard Arrested for Stickering, Biking and Other Misadventures: Creative Direct Action in the Era of the PATRIOT Act Stan Goff Stuff to Do to Stop the War: 95 Days to Pre-Nixonize George W. Bush Lee Sustar Does Iraq's Main Labor Union Support the Occupation? Jude Wanniski The Tipping Point: Getting Out of Iraq Diana Barahona Librarians as Spooks: the Scheme to Infiltrate Cuba Via Libraries Brian Concannon, Jr. Justice Dodge in Haiti, Again: Impunity and the Raboteau Massacre Fred Gardner How Many Wins Can We Take? Mike Whitney Gen. Tommy Friedman's Plan to "Win" the War in Iraq: Reinstate the Draft Ahmad Faruqui Star Wars or Earth Wars? Manuel García, Jr. De-Eichmannizing America Roger Howard Leave Iranian Politics to Iranians Ron Jacobs Eros and the Grateful Dead Ben Tripp Situation Desperate: Why Am I Not Pleased? Poets' Basement Louise, Albert and Engel Website of the Weekend Christ's Entry into Washington     June 17, 2005 Ricardo Alarcón Who Helped Posada Enter the US? Clay Conrad Medical Marijuana: Is Jury Nullification the Next Step? Marc Estrin Open-Ended Closure: the Death Penalty and the Culture of Victimhood Colin Brown Firebombing Fallujah: Pentagon Lied About Use of Napalm in Iraq Christopher Brauchli Pennies for Africa: Bush's Phony Money Joshua Frank Blue State Warriors: How Democrats Derailed the Peace Movement Norman Solomon The Killing Street Memo Mary Rizzo Who's Afraid of Gilad Atzmon? Bond / Brutus / Setshedi How Bono and Trojan Horse NGOs Sabotage the Struggle Against Neoliberalism   June 16, 2005 John Walsh The Iraq War Polls: Dems' Stance Even Less Popular Than Bush's Dave Lindorff Work 'Till You Die: the Bush Retirement Plan Adrian Lomax Torture in U.S. Prisons: Common, Lethal, Unreported Tom Crumpacker The CIA, Posada and the Bombing of Cubana Flight 455 Jeffrey Kolakowski The Kinsley Paradigm: Downsizing the Downing St. Memo Julene Bair Turning Off the Ogallala Spigot: Toward a New Way to Farm on the Great Plains Michael Dickinson As We Forgive Our Debtors: the Madness of Money Francois Houtart / Isabel Parra, et al. Against Terrorism; In Defense of Humanity: an Appeal Tom Barry Meet Bolton's Replacement: Robert "First Strike" Joseph     June 15, 2005 Stan Goff An Open Letter to US Troops on Loyalty Daniel Wolff The Palace at 4 A.M. Tim Wise Discover the Nutwork: David Horowitz and the Politics of Ad Hominem Distortion Ricardo Alarcón The New CIA Revelations About Posada Joshua Frank House Republicans vs. Bush: "This is Not a Conservative War" John Hilary Bloodsuckers' Summit: Why the Left Should Rendezvous at the G8 Norman Solomon Iran's Reformers: a Threat to Theocrats and Neocons Alexander Cockburn / Jeffrey St. Clair Juries and Lynch Mobs Website of the Day What It Feels Like to be Tasered (Turn Up the Volume)     June 14, 2005 Paul Craig Roberts Enabling Evil: Bush's Willing Executioners Forrest Hylton Stalemate in Bolivia Richard Gott The Crisis in Bolivia Fred Gardner The Raich Decision: All Power to the Feds Steve Breyman Doing the Right Thing is Also Politically Expedient Dave Zirin Sacred Hoops: Basketball in the Barrio Robert Kent Outsourcing Torture and the Stop-Loss Program Paul Craig Roberts Enabling Evil: Bush's Willing Executioners   June 13, 2005 Gary Leupp Another Damning Document Dave Lindorff The Inca and Us John Stauber Mad Cow USA: the Cover-Up Begins to Unravel Fred Gardner Supreme Indignity: Medical Pot Doctors Respond to Justice Stevens Evelyn J. Pringle TeenScreen: the Lawsuits Begin Norman Solomon Letter From Tehran Winslow T. Wheeler Neo-Con Unfurls the Big Picture   June 10 / 12, 2005 Alexander Cockburn Thomas Friedman's Imaginary World Sharon Smith Torturers and Liars: Masters of Deception Brian Cloughley "Support Our Torturers!" Chris Kromm Home Cookin': Pentagon's Base Relignment Plan Would Increase South's Share Heather Gray A Day in Mississippi: Some Things Have Changed; Some Remain the Same Kevin Zeese What the Left Must Learn from 2004: an Interview with Josh Frank Mickey Z. The Pentagon Papers, 34 Years Later Gary Leupp A Review of Sison's "At Home in the World" Eli Stephens The Asshole in El Paso: Why Posada Carriles Matters Nick Dearden A Scottish Band in the Occupied Territories Oscar Olivera Recovering Bolivia's Oil and Gas Robert Fisk Screening "Kingdom of Heaven" in Beirut Michael Dickinson Oh My God!: Gunning for Blasphemers Poets' Basement Engel, Albert, Louise, Ford Website of the Weekend Gravity's Rainbow, Illustrated   June 9, 2005 Len Colodny Felt Was Asked Under Oath in 1975 If He Was "Deep Throat" Christopher Brauchli From Baseballs to Hand Grenades Ron Jacobs Light a Candle; Curse the Darkness Dave Lindorff US Media Shamed by Brit Journalist Katrina Yeaw / Alex Schmaus Repression 101: Anti-War Students Sanctioned at SFSU Alan Farago Spin Machine Busts a Gasket in the Everglades: Fed Judge Whacks Jeb Saul Landau The Charmed Life of a Mass Murderer   June 8, 2005 Jim Hougan Strange Bedfellows Deep Throat, Bob Woodward and the CIA Alan Maass Is Bolivia on the Edge of Revolution? an Interview with Tom Lewis Jason Leopold Enron Lives!: Former Army Sec. White Wants Govt. Money for New Energy Scam Niranjan Ramakrishnan Exit Right, Advani: Unpardonable Acts of Statesmanship Dave Zirin The Rotting Soul of the 49ers Derrick O'Keefe Bush's Terrorist: the Case of Posada Carriles Diana Johnstone Non, Neen, Angelene! Why Defenders of the "Oui" are Wrong Website of the Day The Meatrix   June 7, 2005 Forrest Hylton Bolivia's Agony of the Stalement Continues Greg Moses / Susan van Haitsma Pushing Back the Violence Lenni Brenner What Madison Would Think About the Air Force Academy's Offical Fanatics Col. Dan Smith Liberation vs. Survival in Iraq Joshua Frank Dean at the DNC: the Establishment vs. the Elites Dave Lindorff Fair-Weather Allies: US Denies French Fighters Emergency Landing Rights Margot Veranes / Adrian Navarro Xenophobia in the Desert: Racist Fever Becomes Law in Arizona Michael Neumann Sharing Music: Property Gone Wild   June 6, 2005 Stew Albert Everybody Must Get Busted: Supremes Rule Against the Sick Paul Craig Roberts Federal Bureau of Entrapment Nicole Colson Inside Walter Reed Hospital Ali Khan Friendly Renditions to Muslim Torture Chambers Jason Leopold When Will Rumsfeld Be Indicted? Charles Walker Poff Rumsfeld, China and Hypocrisy Ramzy Baroud My Grandpa's Right of Return Rep. John Conyers Did Bush Deliberately Deceive America About Iraq? Evelyn Pringle TeenScreen's Top Pusher Gary Corseri 25 Reasons to Impeach Bush Website of the Day Save This 200 Year Old Burr Oak from Bible Thumpers with Chainsaws   June 4 / 5, 2005 Alexander Cockburn France's Magnificent Non! James Petras The Centrality of Peasant Movements in Latin America Robert Fisk Who Killed Samir? Patrick Cockburn My Father, Claud Cockburn, the MI5 Suspect Rev. William Alberts When Pride in Power Corrupts: the Story of a Methodist President, His Bishops and an "Incompatible" Lesbian Minister Saul Landau 40 Interns and a Mule: Will the Dems Ever Take Advantage of the Republicans' Blunders? Mario Lamo Jimenez Dante with a Brush: Botero Immortalizes Bush Dave Lindorff What is the Media Running From? Lance Selfa Why Bush is Getting Away with Murder Tom Crumpacker On the Use of State Terrorism: the Posada Precedent Joshua Frank How Beltway Dems Sank Dean for America Fred Gardner Don't Bogart That Taxable Commodity Michael Dickinson Roll Out the Barrel: Blood, Oil and Baku Roger Martin We Can See, But Not Far Enough Reza Fiyouzat Welcome to the Third World Ben Tripp Romance: Advice from a Pro Graeme Greenback Pardon Me, While I Piss on this Bible Poets' Basement Smith-Ferri, Albert, Engel, Smith       June 3, 2005 Paul Craig Roberts Welcome to a Has-Been Country Joseph Massad Witch Hunt at Columbia Jeff Halper The Process of Transfer Continues Tom Barry The Immigration Debate: Whose Side Are You On? Bruce K. Gagnon Bush Seeks Military Control of Space: "It's Our Destiny" Joshua Frank Bombing Iran: Facts Don't Matter Mickey Z. Deep Throat as Sideshow Gary Leupp "Peddling Lies About How They Were Mistreated" Website of the Day Tattoo on My Heart: Warriors of Wounded Knee, 1973     June 2, 2005 Paul Craig Roberts The Slave Traders of the Gitmo Gulag Forrest Hylton Bolivia: the Agony of Stalemate Mike Whitney Post-Mortem on the 4th Amendment: Warrants without Judges Brian Cloughley Anarchy in Afghanistan; Ignorance in America Mazin Qumsiyeh A Two-State Solution is No Solution Russell D. Hoffman High Tension at San Onofre Norman Madarasz "Le Jolie Mois de Mai": the Meaning of the French "Non" Norman Solomon War Made Easy: from Vietnam to Iraq David Price The Shallowness of Deep Throat Website of the Day Fallujah on Film     June 1, 2005 James Petras Beyond Hypocrisy: the Deeper Meaning of Posada Justin Delacour Framing Venezuela: US Media Bias Against Chavez Edward Jay Epstein Was "Deep Throat" a Fictoid? Omar Barghouti / Lisa Taraki The AUT Boycott: Freedom vs. "Academic" Freedom Dave Lindorff When War Goes Off the Script Kevin Zeese Reality Check: Who to Believe on Iraq War and Gitmo? Jason Leopold When Presidents Lie William S. Lind Wreck It and Run     May 31, 2005 Sen. Mike Gravel Thank You, Mark Felt: We Need a New Deep Throat David Krieger US Nuclear Hypocrisy Tad Daley The Nuclear Me-Too Club Joshua Frank Pelosi at AIPAC: Israel Comes First Richard Gott Chavez Leads the Way Norman Solomon Time to Get Serious About Impeachment Tom Segev Our Man in the Territories Walter Brasch Killing Americans with Secrecy Diana Johnstone The French "Non"     May 28 / 30, 2005 Alexander Cockburn There's Their Way or the Galloway Richard Lichtman We Wuz Framed! the Consolations of George Lakoff Sharon Smith The Road to Abu Ghraib Paul Craig Roberts Bush Opts for Civil War in Iraq Dave Lindorff Whigged Out: the Dems Have Become Merely a Vestigial Opposition Party Ramzy Baroud Muslims Were Desecrated, Not Just Their Holy Book Brian Cloughley Why Are Nukes OK for You, But Not for Us? Fred Gardner Advice from a Lawyer About Medical Pot Lee Sustar Chavez Gets Proactive Joshua Frank Isikoff Comes Clean: "Nobody in the US Said a Word, Until the Riots" Justin E.H. Smith What About the People? a Report from Romania Jackie Corr A Montana History Lesson on Assfulness Michael Kimaid Bush as Ahab Toufic Haddad Lessons from the Reversal of the AUC Boycott Justin Taylor The Fear of Paul Virilio Amir Butler Searching for a Saladin Ben Tripp Insomnia and Sarcasm Poets' Basement Albert, Engel, Davies and Louise   May 27, 2005 Gary Leupp It Really is a Crusade! Daniel Estulin Infiltrating Bilderberg 2005 Kevin Zeese Iraq Withdrawal Vote: If Walter "Freedom Fries" Jones Can See the Light, Why Can't Nancy Pelosi? Robert Fisk Mubarak's Goon Squads Dave Zirin Why Pat Tillman's Parents Are No Longer Silent Website of the Day Stuckists                                                         Hot Stories Alexander Cockburn Behold, the Head of a Neo-Con! Subcomandante Marcos The Death Train of the WTO Norman Finkelstein Hitchens as Model Apostate Steve Niva Israel's Assassination Policy: the Trigger for Suicide Bombings? Dardagan, Slobodo and Williams CounterPunch Exclusive: 20,000 Wounded Iraqi Civilians Steve J.B. Prison Bitch Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber True Lies: the Use of Propaganda in the Iraq War Wendell Berry Small Destructions Add Up CounterPunch Wire WMD: Who Said What When Cindy Corrie A Mother's Day Talk: the Daughter I Can't Hear From Gore Vidal The Erosion of the American Dream Francis Boyle Impeach Bush: A Draft Resolution Click Here for More Stories.     Subscribe Online

July 1, 2005 Colombia's Disappeared Their Names, At Least By JUSTICIA Y PAZ Colombian President Alvaro Uribe Vélez opened negotiations with the country's right-wing paramilitaries almost as soon as he took office in August 2002. The paramilitaries -- currently grouped in a national federation called the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) -- have been responsible for the majority of murders and forced displacements of civilians in Colombia's tragic armed conflict for many years. Over 3 million Colombians have been uprooted from their homes and communities -- "displaced" -- since 1985, and tens of thousands more have been murdered. The paramilitaries' signature terror methods include slow torture, dismemberment, and the use of chainsaws. When guerrilla groups participated in the formation of new political parties in the 1980s as part of an attempt to resolve the decades-old war between the government and guerrillas, paramilitaries exterminated over 3,000 members of these new parties. In a proposal announced in June called the "Justice and Peace" law, Uribe seeks to offer the paramilitaries immunity from any serious punitive consequences for their crimes. Under Uribe's proposal, they will not have to turn over the land and wealth they have acquired to victims (or even the government); tell the truth about their crimes to victims, survivors, or the society; or serve more than a few years in jail. Uribe is the George W. Bush administration's only significant remaining ally in South America, a region whose people and leaders have become increasingly critical of U.S. economic and military policies. Some analysts have likened Colombia's strategic role for the U.S. to that of Israel in the Middle East: a military and economic beachhead for the U.S.. On June 28 the House of Representatives gave the go-ahead for another $700+ million in foreign aid to Colombia, bringing the total since "Plan Colombia" began in 2000 to nearly $4 billion of U.S. aid, over 80% of it military. Since 2003, there have been a series of "demobilization" ceremonies held in different parts of Colombia, in which paramilitaries hand in their weapons. The communique below refers to one such ceremony -- which it calls not a "de-" but a "re-mobilization" -- which took place June 15 in the northwest Colombian province of Córdoba. Córdoba is the birth-place of the present-day paramilitary federation, and the town of Tierralta in Córdoba province is the site of the current paramilitary-government talks. The human rights organization that wrote this communique is called "Justicia y Paz": Justice and Peace. It has a long and courageous history of truth-telling, organizing for peace, and accepting the horrible consequences of such dignified choices. (Their web site, in Spanish, is es.geocities.com/justiciaypazcolombia/ ) Here -- focusing just on the province of Córdoba, where the ceremony took place -- they simply remind us of the scale of what Uribe seeks to erase from memory. A few key names and terms are explained at the bottom. ­ Phillip Cryan, translator   THEIR NAMES, AT LEAST The mirage continues. June 15, midday, was the time chosen for the mirage to be perpetuated, in the sustained ritual of false truths that is the Santa Fe de Ralito remobilizations. 465 armed "civilians" -- all part of the paramilitary armed strategy -- began the process of becoming institutionalized. Now the "Heroes of Tolová" Bloc, led by Diego Murillo (alias "Don Berna"), have handed in their guns on the futbol field at Divine Child high school in Rusia Ocho, in the municipality of Valencia, Córdoba province. This ceremony of lies has become routine. News media speak of it as a great achievement of "peace." It's one more expression of the search for legitimization, for institutionalization of the paramilitaries. Valencia's mayor Negus Correa announced a "civic holiday" for the municipality, "because of its support for peace." Security is ensured for this spectacle of institutionalization: the area is condoned off with "eight counter-guerrilla units and a reserve unit in Urrá," according to Col. Néstor Camelo, the official delegate from the Army's 11th Brigade. A ceremony of remobilization presented as a "gesture for peace." The Colombian government attempts to bury, in oblivion, the crimes committed in this region. Today Córdoba province is the setting for paramilitary remobilization, in an attempt to hide the hundreds of crimes committed by the paramilitary strategy there. The media never said clearly what happened there; they denied its gravity, hid it, distorted it. And they likewise hid from view the genesis of this iniquity, the institutional responsibility for it. THEIR NAMES, AT LEAST. Just some of the names. Many names never recorded in the media -- although those of their victimizers often were. Their names. THEIR NAMES, AT LEAST. Names that are witnesses to the barbarity they seek to hide today through a so-called "Justice and Peace" law. NAMES of the men and women murdered, disappeared, tortured. Their names, at least. So that in this scenery of iniquity erected by the "paramilitary demobilization" process, they can at least be mentioned. To evoke them is to call upon Truth, to call upon justice, upon the permanent work of building a new society. Bringing them into the present, right in the midst of their persecution. Bringing them into memory, while justice is possible. THEIR NAMES, AT LEAST! January 13, 1988 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries detained and disappeared the Patriotic Union members ROSA LEMOS, ZORAIDA MONTOYA and LUIS LEMOS. February 4, 1988 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ZENÓN CONRADO NEGRETE, a lawyer and defender of political prisoners. February 26, 1988 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered MARCO TULIO PÉREZ ARREDONDO, a Patriotic Union member. March 15, 1988 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ALFONSO CUJAVANTE ACEVEDO, a lawyer and member of the Patriotic Union. April 3, 1988 In BUENAVISTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "The Magnificent Ones" murdered 28 people, one of them a woman who taught in a rural school and the other 27 of them campesinos, most of them young. Six were members of the Popular Front. The act took place during the celebration of a party at the "Best Corner" country house. The victims were: JOSÉ PATERNINA, JOSÉ GUERRA, JOSÉ LUIS SIERRA, SILVIO PRIMITIVO PÉREZ, JUSTO RAMÓN LÓPEZ, TOMAS BERRÍO WILCHES (profesor), EDUERDO JOSÉ MERCADO, PEDRO MÁRQUEZ, JUAN MANUEL SAÉNZ, WILIAM BARRAGÁN, JAIME PATERNINA, JUAN ACEVEDO, SILVIO MELÉNDEZ, OSCAR SIERRA, MARCOS MARTÍNEZ, JONALDO ANTONIO BENÍTEZ, CARMÉN PASTRANA, CARLOS MÁRQUEZ, RAMÓN MISPERUZA, CLETO MARTÍNEZ, FREDDY MARTÍNEZ, ANTONIO SAÉNZ, SILVIO SAÉNZ, DOMINGO SAÉNZ, BENECIO BENÍTEZ, SERGIO TOMÁS RIVERO and two others whose names were not registered. May 17, 1988 In MONTELÍBANO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered the City Councilor-elect from the Liberal Party, RICARDO SIERRA. August 30, 1988 In CANALETE, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered 16 campesinos from the village of Tomate. Among the victims were: EMIRO BERTEL R., IDALIO NARVÁEZ, HÉCTOR NARVÁEZ, RAFAEL PEDROZA C., MANUEL PADILLA, MIGUEL A GÓMEZ, RICARDO ARISMENDI, OROSMAN SOTO, CLEMENTE CARMONA, LUIS HERNANDO GALINDO, CÉSAR MARTÍNEZ G., JOHNY DARÍO PÉREZ G., MANUEL MARTÍNEZ, and others whose names were not registered. October 22, 1988 In SAN ANTERO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered FELIPE GALEANO, a campesino and attorney for the provincial board of the National Campesinos' Association (ANUC). November 15, 1988 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered OSWALDO RENGIFO P., a journalist, after he reported the collective executions at the "Best Corner" and El Tomate. February 13, 1989 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered FRANCISCO DE PAULA DUMAR MESTRE, vicepresident of the union at Avianca, former Patriotic Union candidate for the Provincial Assembly, and lawyer for the union Festracor. August 3, 1989 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered GUSTAVO GUERRA DORIA, the Patriotic Union coordinator for the province. August 9, 1989 In AYAPEL, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered FABIO MIRANDA PUPO, civil engineer and Patriotic Union coordinator. August 9, 1989 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered DANIEL JOSÉ ESPITIA MADERA, national treasurer for the National Campesinos' Association (ANUC). His father and brother had been murdered June 21. November 16, 1989 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered FELIX ENRIQUE TOSCANO, an employee of the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) and member of the Popular Front. Two other persons were wounded. November 26, 1989 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries fired indiscriminately against people gathered for a baptism celebration, killing eleven campesinos and wounding one youth. This took place at "The Old Woman's Corner," in the village of Pueblo Bujo. The victims were: BLANCA ROSA ÁNGEL, JUAN MANUEL TERÁN, RAFAEL NN., ÁLVARO PACHECO ÁLVAREZ, JOSÉ ANTONIO HERNÁNDEZ, ÁNGEL EMIRO FLÓREZ, ESTEBAN RAUL MARTÍNEZ L., MELBA MARÍA TORRES, MANUEL HERNÁNDEZ, JORGE MIGUEL NARVÁEZ P. and EDILBERTO HERNÁNDEZ R. November 28, 1989 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered BORIS ZAPATA MESA, an anthropologist, professor at the University of Córdoba, and City Council candidate for the Patriotic Union. January 16, 1990 In PUERTO LIBERTADOR, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered LUIS LYONS, an aleternate City Councillor for the Popular Front. March 31, 1990 In PUEBLO NUEVO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered TEODORO M. MEDRANO, a former Patriotic Union City Council candidate. April 1, 1990 In PUEBLO NUEVO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered TEODORO M. BETANCUR M., a Patriotic Union member and former City Council candidate. April 16, 1990 In VALENCIA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered thirteen people, whose bodies were found on the Las Tangas farm, property of Fidel Castaño's family. Six of the bodies were recognized, and were among those people disappeared at Puerto Bello the previous January 14. They were: WILSÓN FUENTES, JORGE DAVÍD MARTÍNEZ, RAÚL PÉREZ, RICARDO BOHÓRQUEZ, LEONEL ESCOBAR y JUAN LUIS ESCOBAR. Among the others identified were: OVIDIO CARMONA y ANDRÉS M. PEDRAZA J. Another five were not identified. An additional fourteen bodies were found in different parts of that farm and the Jaraguay farm -- also property of the Castaño family -- over the course of that month. April 22, 1990 In SAN CARLOS, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered AMAURY MAZO, LINETH INÉS GAMERO O., CUSTODIA PÉREZ, MANUEL PEREIRA MERCADO, ARQUIMEDES GAMERO and another unidentified person, all Patriotic Union members. July 16, 1990 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ALVARO GÓMEZ PADILLA, a member of the Córdoba Teachers' Union, affiliated with the CUT [Unified Workers' Central]. September 25, 1990 In PUERTO LIBERTADOR, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered GILBERTO GONZÁLEZ, an employee of the Córdoba Electric Company and trade unionist. October 25, 1990 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries raided two houses and murdered twelve people in the "School" neighborhood. The victims were: ANA MILENA JULIO FLÓREZ, ANA ISABEL FLÓREZ T., ALBERTO JULIO FLÓREZ, MÓNICA DEL C. FLÓREZ, BEATRIZ HELENA JULIO FLÓREZ, EDUARDO JULIO FLÓREZ, JOSÉ AGUSTÍN OLIVEROS P., RAFAEL DE J. AYAZO M., GUIDO JOSÉ BRAVO H., ANTONIO LÓPEZ PÉREZ, JORGE ELIÉCER ENAMORADO, and another person who was not identified. February 24, 1991 In AYAPEL, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ANTONIO FERIS PRADO, a theater director, Sahagún City Councillor, and Patriotic Union member. September 2, 1991 In SAN ANDRÉS SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ÁNGEL MARÍA ROQUEME, a member of the municipality's council of indigenous leaders. September 21, 1991 In MONTELÍBANO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ELIZABETH GONZÁLEZ, DANIEL VICENTE RAMOS and JOSÉ ÁNGEL LONDOÑO. December 5, 1991 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, seven paramilitaries identifying themselves as "The Head-Hunters" murdered MARÍA MARTÍNEZ MENDOZA, GUILLERMINA MARTÍNEZ PÉREZ and ANGELA MARTÍNEZ ENSUNCHO, widows from the collective execution that took place at "The Best Corner" on April 3, 1988. January 30, 1992 In SAN ANDRÉS DE SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murderred MISAEL BASILIO BELTRÁN, an indigenous leader and president of the Esmuna indigenous council. April 1, 1992 In SAHAGÚN, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered NURIS DE LOS REYES MUSLASCOS, MISAEL ANTONIO PACHECO, JOHN PACHECO, TIBALDO TULIO TRUJILLO and WALBERTO ANTONIO PACHECO GÓMEZ, campesinos, in the village of San Antonio. One of the victims was a twelve-year-old boy. May 2, 1992 In PUERTO ESCONDIDO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered 70-year-old campesino DOMINGO ARCIA RICAURTE. May 3, 1992 In AYAPEL, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered YESENIA CONTRERAS HERNÁNDEZ, JOSÉ ANTONIO BETÍN VILLEGAS, JOSÉ FLÓREZ ARRIETA and AYDÉ MARÍA HERNÁNDEZ RUIZ at the Santa Elena farm. May 30, 1992 In SAN PELAYO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered PAOLA ANDREA BETANCUR BEDOYA and JULIETA BEDOYA BETANCUR. Four other people were wounded. This took place in the village of Carrillo. August 29, 1992 In PUERTO LIBERTADOR, Córdoba, paramilitaries traveling in a vehicle owned by the Mayor's office murdered ÁNGEL JARAMILLO, WILIAM DÍAZ and ÓSCAR GONZÁLEZ, near the Juan José police station. In this region of the Upper San Jorge there were denouncements of paramilitaries under the command of William Montalvo, alias "Big Head," and supported by Marcos Jara (a former commmander of the EPL [Popular Liberation Army guerrillas] and Hope, Peace and Liberty movement leader), Jesús Gomego, Hernán Fortich (City Councillor in Puerto Libertador), Aquiles González, Alejandro Jiménez, Gilberto Grandona Oleas and Ferney Guillermo T. August 30, 1992 In CERETÉ, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered the campesino leader JULIO MORENO, of the National Campesinos' Association (ANUC). September 5, 1992 In PUERTO ESCONDIDO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered the campesino RAFAEL ANTONIO MORELOS HERNÁNDEZ in the village of Los Cheres. December 16, 1992 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered the businessmen PEDRO EDUARDO MARTÍNEZ MÉNDEZ and DAGOBERTO MANUEL ARRIETA COGOLLO in the neighborhood of Santafé. The municipality stayed under military control. December 19, 1992 In LOS CÓRDOBAS, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered JOSÉ VIVANCO GULFO LÓPEZ, EDUARDO TORDECILLA and GUILLERMO JULIO CARABALLO. March 19, 1993 In SAN ANDRÉS DE SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered GERARDO MORENO FLÓREZ, a sociologist from the University of Antioquia, a teacher at the provincial high school of of Antonio Lenia in Sincelejo, a leader of the Zenú community, and a candidate together with Gabriel Muyuy Jacanamejoy to represent indigenous communities. October 30, 1993 In MONTELÍBANO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered the campesino FILADELFO MANUEL CORDERO CRUZ, in the village of Uré, when he was at the wake for his son MIGUEL CORDERO BARRERO, who had been murdered the previous day -- also in Uré -- together with MANUEL MARRIAGA MARRIAGA (a cowboy) and JOSÉ URANGO RAMOS (a miner). These three were taken with force from their houses by a paramilitary commando unit. February 11, 1994 In PURÍSIMA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered CLEMENTE MENDOZA, a leader of the Zenú indigenous community. March 3, 1994 In SAN ANDRÉS DE SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered HERNANDO SOLANO, an indigenous leader. September 1, 1994 In SAN ANDRÉS DE SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered AGAPITO LINIO PUCHE GONZÁLEZ and ALBERTO PUCHE VERGARA, indigenous men from the Zenú reservation. October 19, 1994 In SAN ANDRÉS SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitares murdered ARNULFO AYAL CARPIO, a Zenú indigenous man, a member of the Petaca community, and a City Councillor for his movement. This brought the total number of indigenous leaders murdered that year to eight. January 16, 1995 In VALENCIA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "Córdoba Self-Defense Forces" murdered the campesinos FREDDY HERRERA ARCILA, DONALDO IBÁÑEZ ÁLVAREZ and OMAR ENRIQUE DURANGO IBÁÑEZ, and disappeared ENOR MADERA. The commander of the Army's Ninth Brigade, Coronel Martín Orlando Carreño Sandoval, stated that the campesinos were murdered by paramilitaries "in retaliation for the burning of the Guayaquil farm ... and for being FARC sympathizers." The farm referred to is the property of a retired Colombian Air Force captain. January 18, 1995 In LOS CÓRDOBAS, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered the campesinos HELIODORO MORA ROSARIO and MANUEL FLÓREZ ROSARIO. May 25, 1995 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "ACCU" [Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá] murdered TOMY ELIÉCER CONDE ANAYA, a teacher. September 7, 1995 In SAN ANDRÉS SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ANDRÉS SUÁREZ MONTALVO, a Zenú indigenous leader. This took place in the Venecia community. The indigenous people of that community were under pressure to abandon a piece of land claimed by the family of Julio César Guerra Tulena, then the president of the Colombian Senate. December 2, 1995 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba paramilitaries murdered MIGUEL ALFONSO MORENO AGÁMEZ, an M-19 [demobilized guerrilla group] member, former City Councillor, former Representative, and the manager of the Cereté Supply Center, and his wife JULIETH PÁEZ MONTALVO, a former City Councillor and former Cereté Secretary of Education. June 1, 1996 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered the president of the Bank of Colombia Union (SINTRABANACOL), ANTONIO MORALES ALEANS, in the Lacharme neighborhood. On October 25, 1995, 24 hours after contract negotiations began at the bank, the Armed Forces had raided his home. June 10, 1996 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ALEJANDRA CAMARGO CABRALES, a 2-year-old girl, granddaughter of the former president of the University of Córdoba Workers' Union, René Cabrales Sosa. He and his two daughters were wounded. This took place in the Pradera neighborhood. November 18, 1996 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered, Rev. PEDRO ALZATE VARELA, a Presbyterian pastor, when he was en route to Apartadó to participate in a training course for pastors. January 10, 1997 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá (ACCU)" murdered the teachers JAVIER GALARCIO, CLAUDIO PÉREZ and ÁLVARO TABORDA. Taborda was a historian and department head at the University of Córdoba, and the other two were teachers at a provincial high school in Montería. The victims were taken from their homes by force and accused by the paramilitaries of participating in dynamite attacks carried out near the end of 1996 against the offices of the Córdoba Ranchers' Fund (Ganacor) and the Foundation for Peace (Fundepaz), which were created by the paramilitaries Fidel and Carlos Castaño. May 5, 1997 In SAHAGÚN, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered JUANA EVANGELISTA VEGA, a City Councillor for the M-19 Democratic Alliance, at the bus terminal. May 19, 1997 In SAN PELAYO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered EVANGELINA ORTEGA SIERRA, EDILBERTO ENRIQUE CONTRERAS, OLAD DEL CARMEN CONTRERAS P., ALEJANDRO PADILLA ORTEGA, HELENA PADILLA GUERRA, ALEJANDRO PADILLA GUERRA, ATAIN ABAD PADILLA GUERRA and ANUAR PADILLA DIAZ. Upon leaving, they set fire to the home. June 10, 1997 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as Convivir ["Living together," a network of government-sponsored private self-defense militias established in the 1990s], led by men nicknamed "The Dancer" and "Boy-o", tortured and murdered the campesino PERFECTO DELGADO. June 12, 1997 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ARNOLD ENRIQUE SÁNCHEZ MAZA, a teacher, who had been disappeared several days earlier. He was tortured, his teeth were torn out, and his stomach was torn open. June 19, 1997 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered WILLIAM JARABA, a teacher. This brought the total number of teachers killed in first six months of 1997 to twelve. July 18, 1997 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered FREDYS FUENTES PATERNINA, a teacher and member of the Board of Directores of the Córdoba Teachers' Association (Ademacor). He was the president of the Córdoba regional office of the Socialist Refoundation Current (CRS) political movement, and a City Council candidate for that movement in Montería. August 8, 1997 In CIÉNAGA DE ORO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered MARCO CECILIO LUCAS CARPIO, a Zenú indigenous leader and craftsmen's leader from San Andrés de Sotavento. He had been subjected to intense forms of torture. May 14, 1998 In MONTELÍBANO, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá (ACCU)" murdered JOSÉ PALENCIA, RAFAEL OLEA and JAIRO ACIA, indigenous men from the Zenú community. August 27, 1998 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries invaded the Karagabi reservation and murdered the indigenous leader ALONSO DOMICÓ JARUPIA. The Emberá-Katío indigenous community was the object of multiple human rights violations, committed by the paramilitaries in opposition to the indigenous communities' struggle to stop the Urrá hydroelectric project [a large dam that was eventually built in Córdoba, flooding Emberá Katío land]. January 31, 1999 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "AUC" [United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, the national paramilitary federation that grew out of the ACCU (Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá)] disappeared 40 people, among them ten Emberá Katío, at a roadblock on the Sinú River near where it meets the Verde River. It was only possible to register the names of GABRIEL DOMICÓ, ANA LUZ GUASARUCA, EUGENIO DOMICÓ, LIBARDO DOMICÓ, LUBERTIN CABRERA, LUZ MARINA DOMICÓ, MICAELA DOMICÓ, SOLANGEL ARIAS DOMICÓ, ANTONIO DOMICÓ, and WILLIAM DOMICÓ. June 28, 1999 In VALENCIA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "AUC" murdered LUIS FRANCISCO GÓMEZ PAYARES, the municipal treasurer. The crime was acknowledged publicly in a communique sent to the Mayor and signed by "Esteban," the paramilitary leader responsible for the Caribbean coastal region. February 13, 2000 In TIERRALTA, Córoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "AUC" murdered ABEL MARTÍNEZ ARCIA, ANTONIO MARTÍNEZ, WILLIAN OLAYA, RAMIRO MIGUEL PASTRANA HERNÁNDEZ and UBALDO MARTÍNEZ. April 25, 2000 In CIÉNAGA DE ORO, Córdoba, at 11:30 am, in San Antonio village, paramilitaries murdered three brothers: JULIO AMADOR SIMANCA MARTÍNEZ, PEDRO MANUEL SIMANCA MARTÍNEZ and RICARDO ANTONIO SIMANCA MARTÍNEZ. May 22, 2000 In CIÉNAGA DE ORO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered MARLYS DE LA OSSA QUIÑÓNEZ, a Social Sciences student at the University of Córdoba and student leader involved in the Colombian Association of University Students (ACEU). She was four months pregnant. August 4, 2000 In VALENCIA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "ACCU" murdered ALIAS "EL CHUCHO, ELKIN SÁNCHEZ MENA, ALIAS "LOTHAR" OR "THE TATOO," ANDRÉS MOSQUERA, and three other people who were not identified. August 12, 2000 In LORICA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered a married couple, OSCAR DAVID PADILLA and BEATRÍZ PADILLA FUENTES, after taking them by force from a house in the Los Andes neighborhood. September 16, 2000 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, in the indigenous village of Widó, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "ACCU" murdered three members of the Emberá Katío High Council and disappeared 22 other indigenous people. Among the victims were: NARIÑO DOMICÓ, RUBIT DOMICÓ, RIGOBERTO DOMICÓ, ORAINE DOMICÓ, ATANIO DOMICÓ, AMADO DOMICÓ, DIANA DOMICÓ, ÁLVARO RUBIANO, ALGARIN DOMICÓ, AGUSTIN PERNÍA, RICARDO BAILARÍN, MIGUEL BAILARÍN DOMICÓ, SAÚL BAILARÍN, MARTÍN CASAMA, MARITSA DOMICÓ, LUIS ALBERTO CABRERA, LIDIA DOMICÓ, JAQUELINO JARUPIA BAILARÍN, IRENEA DOMICÓ CHAVA, HORACIO BAILARÍN, GERMÁN DOMICÓ, ELKIN RUBIANO, EFRAÍN CHAMARRA, DOMICILIO GUASARUCA and MIGUEL DOMICÓ GARCÍA. September 20, 2000 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, at the El Guineo farm, in Naín village, paramilitaries murdered eleven people and wounded one other. Among the victims were: SABAS SALGUERO LÓPEZ, TOMÁS SALGUERO MARTÍNEZ, UBERMAR ANTONIO SALGUERO, WILMAR MARTÍNEZ SANDOVAL, LIBARDO LÓPEZ BENÍTEZ, WILMAR SALGUERO MARTÍNEZ, LEÓN RUDAS, ARNOLDO ENRIQUE GONZÁLEZ DELGADO, and another four people whose names were not registered. May 27, 2001 In SAN ANDRÉS DE SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "AUC" murdered FÉLIX FILIBERTO HERNÁNDEZ SIERRA, LIBARDA HERNÁNDEZ and EMILIO ENRIQUE HERNÁNDEZ SIERRA. June 2, 2001 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, at 6 pm, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "AUC" disappeared the Emberá Katío indigenous leader KIMY PERNÍA DOMICÓ, as he was en route to the office of the High Council for the Sinú and Verde rivers. August 25, 2001 In PUERTO LIBERTADOR, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered ELÍAS FRANCISCO N., GUILLERMO MONTES OMARTEL, NORBERTO MANUEL VERTEL SALGADO and AMANDA GIL. October 25, 2001 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries identifying themselves as "AUC" disappeared DANILO SÁNCHEZ MEJÍA, MANUEL LORENZO ESPINOZA ALTAMIRANDA, JAIRO ESPINOZA HERNÁNDEZ, and one other person who was not identified. February 25, 2002 In PUERTO LIBERTADOR, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered CIRILO ENRIQUE DOMICÓ, ARMANDO DOMICÓ DOMICÓ, and two people who were not identified. July 19, 2002 In SAN CARLOS, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered DAGOBERTO DE LA CRUZ PEREIRA GALVAN and MIGUEL MARÍA PÉREZ RAMÍREZ. May 4, 2003 In SAN ANDRÉS DE SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered RAMIRO MANUEL SANDOVAL MERCADO, an indigenous leader from the San Andrés de Sotavento reservation and a teacher at Álvaro Ulcué Chocué high school in the village of Tuchín. May 6, 2003 In TIERRALTA, Córdoba, paramilitaries, with Army troops' acquiescence, murdered ANA BERENICE GIRALDO VELÁSQUEZ, NATIVIDAD DE JESÚS BLANDÓN, MIGUEL POSADA VERTEL and N. TORRES, members of the Iglesia Latina religious community. June 1, 2003 In MONTERÍA, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered JULIET PAOLA CASTILLO MÉNDEZ, in the Simón Bolívar neighborhood, and JORGE LUIS PACHECO FLOREZ, in the El Dorado neighborhood. These events took place at night in urban areas. June 14, 2003 In CIÉNAGA DE ORO, Córdoba, paramilitaries murdered MILTON DE JESÚS GAVIRIA COGOLLO, a campesino. June 15, 2003 In SAN ANDRÉS SOTAVENTO, Córdoba, paramilitares murdered EMIGDIO TALAIGUA ALEAN, a 22-year old indigenous man. THE GENESIS OF INIQUITY ..... Decree 3398 of 1965, which became Law 48 of 1968, authorized military commanders to give Armed Forces weapons to civilians (Art. 33, paragraph 3). It also authorized the government to enlist the civilian population's support for armed actions (Art. 25). The Supreme Court of Justice declared these articles unconstitutional on May 25, 1989 -- after they had been in effect for 24 years. All the Colombian military manuals prepared between 1969 and 1987 include provisions for forming armed civilian groups known as "self-defense forces" -- better known in the country as "paramilitaries." Starting in 1989, when these groups became "illegal," contacts between the "self-defense forces" and the Army High Command began to be carried out through intermediaries instead of directly, according to testimony Army officer Luis Antonio Meneses Báez gave to the Dijin (Police intelligence agency) (page 24 of his testimony). ..... Bogotá, D.C., June 15, 2005 INTER-ECCLESIAL COMMISSION FOR JUSTICE AND PEACE (Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz)   Glossary of key names and terms: Campesino: Peasant farmer. Fidel and Carlos Castaño: Brothers instrumental in the creation and expansion of the paramilitaries. Fidel was the most prominent leader of the ACCU in its growth throughout the 1980s, and Carlos was the most prominent leader of the ACCU's successor, the national AUC federation, in the mid-late 1990s and early this century. Both disappeared under unclear circumstances. Some believe they were killed; others believe they went into hiding abroad. Diego Murillo (alias "Don Berna"): A paramilitary commander heavily involved in drug trafficking. Patriotic Union: A political party built in the mid-late 1980s by civil society groups and members of the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and other guerrilla groups, as part of a peace process initiated at the beginning of the 1980s. Over 3,000 Patriotic Union members -- including two presidential candidates -- were murdered by paramilitaries. Popular Front: A political party created in the mid-late 1980s by civil society groups and members of the EPL (Popular Liberation Army) guerrillas, a smaller group. Translated and edited by Phillip Cryan can be reached at: phillipcryan000@yahoo.com)